Xbox portable: fall 2007, spring 2010, somewhere in between, or never?
by Vladimir Cole 
{ Nov 5th 2005 at 12:30AM }
Here's a fun question to chew on for the weekend. If Microsoft were to launch a handheld device, when would they attempt to do so, and what preconditions would need to be satisfied first?
To be clear: Microsoft has repeatedly noted that they've got no interest in launching a handheld gaming device at this time and that they're wholly focused on the Xbox 360. However, if they were to establish a solid position for the Xbox 360, might they turn their attention to growing the empire?
Is the handheld market large and attractive enough? Probably. Are trends moving in the right direction and do people desire mobile entertainment? Yes. It seems that the only reason it�s not a Microsoft priority is that they�re preoccupied with not losing another $4 billion on the Xbox 360.
Let�s therefore assume that companies (even Microsoft) are constrained in the number of products that they can build, launch and support at once. It follows that a company with such constraints will seek to stagger the release of their stationary and handheld consoles so that the development, manufacturing, marketing and distribution phases of the work don�t bunch up and create bottlenecks.
Here�s a brief history of handheld releases. The first number is the approximate date of the system�s release. The number after the plus sign is the number of months after the release of the company�s previous major console:
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Nintendo Game Boy (1989.04, NES + 42 months)
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Nintendo Game Boy Color (1998.11, N64 + 22 months)
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Nintendo Game Boy Advance (2001.06, N64 + 54 months)
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Nintendo DS (2004.11, GameCube + 34 months)
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Sega Game Gear (1990.10, Genesis + 24 months)
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Sony PSP (2005.03, PS2 + 54 months)
Assuming this pattern holds, one might begin to look for an Xbox handheld around 2005.11 +22 to +54 months, which would put it between fall 2007 and spring 2010.
What do you think?
[Xbox 360 Portable mockup by PlayBomb.com.]
Reader Comments (Page 1 of 1)
Mike @ Dec 18th 2005 9:06PM
interesting idea, but i don't think a MS handheld really fits into Microsoft's overall strategy. if 360 is successful, they'll probably make a handheld eventually, but i truely don't think there's any big push internally for it.
vc @ Dec 18th 2005 9:06PM
I'd agree with your assessment of the situation as it stands today, Mike. Circumstances can change, though. Microsoft's got to be thinking what they're going to do about Apple/Sony/Blackberry dominance in the handheld market.
Dan Choi @ Dec 18th 2005 9:06PM
"Nintendo Game Boy Advance (2001.06, N64 + 54 months)"
One comment on release staggering: weren't the GameCube and the original GBA released only a few months apart? Perhaps we could discuss the difference in backwards compatibility with the GameBoy Color offering an alternative for more frugal consumers, but Nintendo released those systems nearly at the same time.
gmrc @ Dec 18th 2005 9:06PM
Microsoft has other platforms to fill this need. Portable gaming will be done with Windows CE and SmartPhone devices as far as MS is concerned.
There's so much hardware and so much range in performance of portable devices that it'd be impossible to make a clear "xbox mobile" brand. So what then, should MS create a mobile platform just for said brand? A piece of hardware ala PSP or gizmodo or N-Gage? MS is thinking "Screw that. Lets just 'drive' the hardware everyone else makes. Drive the Creative Zens and N-Gages and Gizmodos of the world"
That's what they'll do, I think. I'd be *shocked* if Microsoft released a hardware mobile xbox platform. Some games might be _branded_ xbox mobile or something, but I doubt we'll see some kit from MS.
CapAmerica @ Dec 18th 2005 9:06PM
MS said it was a mistake for Sony to enter the handheld market and to date Sony hasn't done anything to prove that MS was wrong.
Untill it can be shown that a company besides Nintendo can control the handheld market Its a pretty safe bet MS will stay out of it.
bd (formerly b) @ Dec 18th 2005 9:06PM
First they have to beat sony in the console market; that would somehow kill the PSP in the road, because Sony would rather have the console market than the portable one.
They won't kill nintendo because nintendo knows how to profit from most situations (they've earned a lot when they sold almost the same amount of consoles as MSFT did for a 4 billion loss), but they could eat their market share, or simply both handhelds not be "either/or" but rather "and", as the coming generation of consoles.
vc @ Dec 18th 2005 9:06PM
GameCube Japan release: 2001.09
Game Boy Advance Japan release: 2001.03
Close enough to cause a bottleneck issue, though I'd wager that they GBA was in development for a very long time, given how minor an update the Game Boy Color was.
gamer1 @ Dec 18th 2005 9:06PM
I doubt that its going to happen, however, I think it would be so cool if they could transfer Xbox Live Arcade games onto a memory card to slap it into a simple handheld for portable gaming. This way, it’s nothing too hardware intensive (resulting in low hardware development costs), no spinning disks (extends battery life and durability), it increases the value of Xbox Live Arcade games (promoting gamers to purchase more Xbox Live Arcade games) and it gives greater incentive for developers to make more Xbox Live Arcade games.
vc @ Dec 18th 2005 9:06PM
That's a really cool idea, Gamer1.
The King @ Dec 18th 2005 9:06PM
as long as it has two analog sticks, ill be a happy camper.
gamer1 @ Dec 18th 2005 9:06PM
Thanks VC. If you also take a look at the type of Xbox Live Arcade games that are going to be at launch, they’re pick-up and go type games anyway. Currently, the Xbox 360 memory card contains 64MB. Now, take into account the size of first generation GameBoy Advance games. Super Mario Advance 2 – Super Mario World only took 4MB. So, essentially, you could fit up to 16 GameBoy Advance quality type games on an Xbox 360 memory card. However, the Xbox Live Arcade games that will be available at launch are not full adventure/action type games like Super Mario World. They’re more like puzzle, retro, solitaire and arcade type games. These types of games would probably take up less space, which is fine since you have to download them off the internet. But that essentially means that you can hold even more than 16 games on a memory card as well. Add the option of Wi-Fi, and you could essentially compete with Xbox Live Arcade anywhere in your house or with your friends at local Wi-Fi hot-spots. If you were to port Xbox 360’s software interface to a portable gaming system (without the functionality of Xbox 360 games of course), the system could act as a media player, allowing streaming content from your Windows XP system, or saved music and video on the memory card, although 64MB for that is basically nothing. Like I said before, highly unlikely, but it’s nice to dream. Maybe Nintendo will do it with their next handheld (portable GameCube anyone?).
Vagabond Artist @ Dec 18th 2005 9:06PM
I used to think just making a tiny gamecube as the next gameboy would rule, and then you could just use the discs they already made for the gamecube as the games.
But since the release of the PSP, it's proven to me that just cause you can make a console quality game for a handheld, doesn't mean that it suits gaming on the go....
Da Greasy Guide @ Dec 18th 2005 9:06PM
True the handheld gaming market is mainly controlled by Nintendo. However they will never cut into the numbers that the cellphone market sees. I think we will see more and more gaming ready cell phones and the PDA market or the portable gaming market will just be for us geeks that read sites like Engadget and Joystiq. Video, large storage, music playback and picture will all converge one to cell phones. The clam shell and the PSP will be a novlity geek item.
Jeremy @ Dec 18th 2005 9:06PM
Microsoft is not interested in gaming hardware. I am amazed that people still don't know that.
It's as simple as this: as long as the console is running some kind of Windows, do you honestly think they would care if it said "Sony" or "Nintendo" on the front of the box?
Microsoft is never going to make a handheld, because Microsoft doesn't care about the handheld gaming space. As long as they have the livingroom iwht Xbox, and the handheld space with Windows Mobile, then they don't care.
vidGuy @ Dec 18th 2005 9:06PM
Why would a company risk losing $4 billion on console sales in only a few years? Dominance. We have understood that the XBOX was sold at such a loss so that MS could get a grasp on console sales and a large percentage of owners. After all, if they had sold the XBOX for $599, they wouldn't have seen the sales they did.
So why would it be any different for the handheld market? I think MS is just trying to learn from the mistakes Sony's PSP has made, as far as what the market wants in its handhelds. They will launch a handheld by Spring '08 with a price of no more than $200. They will lose money in an attempt to dethrown Nintendo as the handheld developer of choice.
If successfuly, by 2012, MS will own 50% of the console market and 40% of the handheld market.
Of course, these are all just random numbers, but I think something like this could be in the works.
Daz @ Dec 18th 2005 9:06PM
Sony hasn't yet created a large enough handheld market for MS to come in and try to woo their fans. Maybe after PSP2.
Ruan Caiman @ Dec 18th 2005 9:06PM
Here's a Gates Quote, from a gizmodo interview back in January:
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The portable space… It’s not like we’re saying that’s a boring space or anything. There just happens to be one or two things that Microsoft isn’t doing. And we probably benefit that Sony is fighting Nintendo and has a real challenge on their hands with PSP versus DS, while our group is totally focussed on the next generation video console.
---
Source: http://www.gizmodo.com/gadgets/home-entertainment/gates-interview-part-three-xbox-2-and-xbox-live-029382.php
---
Anyhow, it seems Gates didn't really deny interest in portable market. I vaguely remember seeing an interview with him where he did say they already had a portable platform - Windows Mobile - and would pursue the Win-Mobile cell phone over creating their own hardware.
Jay @ Dec 18th 2005 9:06PM
I'm all for speculation and all that but the Gates man himself said he does not want to go into the handheld market. I remember him saying something like "Why try to break into what could be the worlds strongest monopoly market?", a little stab at Sony in there.
Microsoft are behind the DS. they will not make a handheld. an american handheld? please.
xbox360-forums.com @ Dec 18th 2005 9:06PM
I think if we see a disappointing ps3 launch and general sales, we can expect M$ to go into the portable market. There is growth there. However, as already stated, there isnt room in the market.
keith Wangler @ Dec 18th 2005 9:06PM
Sony doesnt dominate the handheld market, nintendo does, and honestly I still love the psp. But in my poinion, microsoft could never dominate the handheld market. I think nintendo should get out of the console world, and focus on handheld. Then, nothing could stop them.
Mo Ho @ Dec 18th 2005 9:06PM
Handheld gaming machine, agreed, no, not yet... However a PVR touchscreen for the removable HDD... flat but same X controls and less intensive but good looking games, Ill buy that for about £150.
It would be awesome. Standalone games (live arcade or Xbox graphics with PS2 power or Full games portability extended, imagine you have just bought GSR4 log onto live and for £10 you can download Metropolis Street Racer for this thing)
PS3 is getting so many things nigglingly wrong (online, HD, controllers, lack of obvious tie in with PSP). X360 however is hitting all the sweetspots (aint seen the PS3 in the flesh) bar this Blu-Ray thingy!!!
The main thing here is the Windows OS. The Xdash would be great for this device but ultimately it would be running Windows Mobile 7 (or Vista Mobile) and thats key. You didnt see HDDs in phones until they were cheap enough, so when the base hardware becomes cheap enough, a video iPod user decides that they want to upgrade their pod and needs a larger drive XHDD and instead they can go for the xHex (a box bustin out!)
What BGates goes on about is that the market is too crowded, the DS redesign is soon (it may look retro but to a ten year old, it looks ugly compared to the PSP that is not marketed towards them). Although the DS (and revolution) desreves to rock, the 'its a kids toy' image is a hard one to shift, means that the first Portable [Gaming] Player with HDD is by (almost) a Microsoft first refusal.
Do not get me started on how annoyed I was that the HDD AND online adaptor pheripheral did not exist for the PS2, MS shocked Sony. The sega 32x was ill advised but a Graphics accelerator and HDD and online adaptor would have given the PS2Plus more shelf life, and should have would have let this next Gen be here in 2007.
It would also not surpise me if MS or a thirdparty brought out a Wireless Monitor/Mouse/Keyboard combo for the X360 in order to run a version of Vista, as a cheap PC platform, it just makes sense. And whilst we are here on tangents and convergence, White MiniMac and White Revolution, hmmmmm, suddenly Nintendo has better prospects.
Hugh Jass @ Dec 18th 2005 9:06PM
They've already got the Pocket PC. Like the game division and the keyboarrd/mouse division, it's one of the portions of Microsoft that doesn't usually turn a profit. Microsoft Office and Microsoft Windows are profitable. A portable game venture would be a distraction from XBOX 360 and isn't going to happen.
Sup Sailors? @ Dec 18th 2005 9:06PM
The reason they aren't doing a handheld, is because they just don't give a shit about games. The reason the Xbox exists is a trojan horse to put Windows on your TV.
MS is, 30 years later, an OS company.. Office benefits from the OS, the programming business benefits from the OS, everything has to do with the OS.
Yes, IBM gave them a fortune..
Onward and upward.. MS knows that the PC is mostly being used as a gaming tool today (or else, why would any home user buy a 4 GHz PC, etc..a 10 yr old PC can do Office..) so if they want to maintain the monopoly, they have to adapt.. make a gaming system. It will connect to the TV and.. voila.. a Windows license on your TV.
Who gives a rats ass about competing with the DS.. that has nothing to do with Windows so they won't do it.
eslcalssd @ Dec 18th 2005 9:06PM
They'll be at least able to rival the PSP, but not the DS. Nintendo basically owns the handheld market.
darryl @ Dec 18th 2005 9:06PM
If they want to bleed more cash, sure, go for it.
"Nintendo basically owns the handheld market."
Hehehe... not for long. Fewer days ahead than behind.
Ninegauger @ Dec 18th 2005 9:06PM
darryl how do you figure? The PSP can't even match the DS let alone touching the number of GBAs out there.
Jeff @ Dec 18th 2005 9:06PM
25. Posted Nov 5, 2005, 12:09 PM ET by darryl
If they want to bleed more cash, sure, go for it.
"Nintendo basically owns the handheld market."
Hehehe... not for long. Fewer days ahead than behind.
----------------
Um, what? No, it is for long. Nintendo has been selling better than PSP in Japan for months. PSP has absolutely ZERO chance of overcoming DS in Japan for a long time. The next possible chance is when the FFVII spinoff comes out, and by then it may be too late.
In the US, DS beat PSP in September for the first time since PSP launched. This was with Madden and Burnout on PSP. With Nintendogs + Mario Kart + Animal Crossing + bundles + lower pricing, PSP has a hard battle to fight and GTA alone will not do it. Fact.
PSP will not die anytime soon, but it will not kick DS' ass anytime soon either.
On that note, Microsoft will not launch a portable until they have a firm hold on the console market. And they are going to have a very hard time doing that with 360.
Simon @ Dec 18th 2005 9:06PM
One of the first things I was asked by my friends when I showed them my brand new PSP was "Does it play Halo?!" Whether that means there is a market for a Microsoft Handheld console or just that my friends are a bunch of irritating Halo/Xbox fanboys, I couldn't say
Revolver @ Dec 18th 2005 9:06PM
Here's a thought to chew on: a handheld version of Halo on the next Gameboy in 2007 or 2008. Though chances aren't likely, I wouldn't be totally shocked if it did happen. I have constantly read about how Microsoft isn't always ripping Nintendo as much as they are Sony. Sure part of it is b/c Microsoft has passed Nintendo in console sales with the Xbox while Playstation is #1.
With that said, look at how it appears that Rare is making games for the DS. Microsoft could've said no but instead it let the company make their games (maybe we'll see them at E3 next year?) Right now or in the future, there is very little new that Microsoft has to offer with a handheld. A souped up PSP with even more functionality just might not interest MS. Although that begs the question, what will the next Gameboy be like? A GC portable? That seems almost too obvious for Nintendo doesn't it? Well, we'll save that for a later discussion...
Capital @ Dec 18th 2005 9:06PM
That was a pretty rediculous article that joystiq is placing based on no real facts, but wutever. Anyways its a bloody battelefield between DS and PSP, so MS is just gonna let 'em duke it out. I have a PSP and a DS but i gotta say, everyone in my family would rather pick up and play the DS rather than the PSP. Its jus more user friendly. If MS does make a handheld then they gotta come to the table with something very innovative, not like a minixbox
NoOneButMe @ Dec 18th 2005 9:06PM
And then MS could break the trend and have it -22 months or +54 months - who knows what they'll do. Hopefully something good.
(On Nintendo losing handheld market to Sony)
Nintendo will own the handheld market for a long time from now. Simply because many people grew up playing Nintendo, whether it be on Gameboy, Gameboy Pocket, Gameboy Color, Advance, DS, Micro, NES, SNES, or Gamecube - Nintendo's spanned generations with video games, whereas, Sony's major innovation is the walkman - which has been rendered obsolete by Apple's iPod. Nintendo gets to focus on Video games, and competing with Sony and Microsoft.
While Microsoft has to deal with Sony, Apple(the iPod + OSX = good for Apple), Nintendo, Adobe(Microsoft Acryllic is to directly compete with Illustrator and Photoshop), and numerous other companies, it has many things to deal with - just as many as Sony, if not more.
And then there's Sony, which has to deal with Dell and Gateway and all the other companies in computer hardware, Apple and Dell with the iPod and Whatever it is that dell has for their PDA, And Nintendo and Microsoft's video game consoles.
Nintendo's had the edge on innovation, probably one of the most innovative companies out there - even if the DS didnt do well compared to other Gameboy's, it still holds a sizeable market share, as well as having several innovative features - dual screens, touch pad - both of which arent new but its the first time it's been applied to a handheld system. Nintendo, again, doesnt deal in much other then Video Games and Consoles, so it doesnt have to deal with anything other then that.
JS @ Dec 18th 2005 9:06PM
* 20 - Keith Wangler :
Why the hell would Nintendo decide to drop out of the console gaming world, because YOU feel that they can't compete with their competitiors? Both Sony and M$ are both trying to go for the same market, multi-media, half of their focus would be on games and the other focus would be trying to fill the void of these extra niceties.
Nintendo are all about the games, period!
You've seen the Revolution console
You've seen the controller ( how the hell can you not expect anything but amazing from that, a?)
2006 - the games - like myself, prepare to be re - educated once again my friend, YEA! YEAH! : )
* 25 - darryl :
Boi, if you believe that then you must REEEAAAALLY believe in the easter bunny ...
... the tooth fairy ...
... flying pink elephants ...
... George bush ....
... Santa Claus, wait that! I still do believe in him, LOL : )
Don't get me wrong, I like Sony but unless those developers can churn out something other than dam old rehashes then IT is them who could eaily be doomed with a capital DOOOOOMMED!
The DS is running show at the moment and their strength will grow for many-a-time to come ( well until the arrival of the Gameboy Advance 2)
PEACE TO YOU ALL!
gamer1 @ Dec 18th 2005 9:06PM
Like I was saying earlier, a portable Xbox Live Arcade game system would be sweet! The games are perfect for on the go gaming!
Since Xbox Live Arcade games already have developer support for them, that would already be taken care of. Development costs would also be inexpensive due to the reduced price to distribute games.
One of the reasons why the original GameBoy was successful was because of the game that was bundled with it. Tetris! It’s so easy to pick up a portable puzzle game while you’re on the go. This is also the reason why I believe Lumines is so popular with the Sony PSP. The Xbox Live Arcade library of games consists mostly of puzzle, retro, action and arcade type games. It seems like its begging to be portable!
I remember in an interview with J. Allard, he mentioned that Xbox Live Arcade games would be able to be played with the remote control. With this information, Microsoft could simply design a portable game system around a memory card port, display, a cross pad and 4 buttons. Although such a simple, inexpensive design could undercut the price range of the GameBoy Advance SP as its closest competitor, the two biggest advantages of such a system are that is adds on a peripheral to the Xbox 360, and it exposes the Xbox 360 into the public. People love to accessorize their systems, and a peripheral such as this would be a must own item for Xbox Live Arcade game owners. Also, when they take it out into the public, it creates another dimension of marketing for the Xbox 360. People can see portable game systems out in public, while the Xbox 360 is hidden at home in the living room.
I doubt that Microsoft would consider creating a portable system that would overpower the Sony PSP. If they do, it would most likely not be soon; otherwise it would distract the gamers’ attention from the Xbox 360. Right now, their current focus is on the success of the Xbox 360, and if they do plan on developing a portable game system, it would most likely have some type of integration with the Xbox 360 in order to increase the value of the portable game product and the Xbox 360 itself.
Tim @ Dec 18th 2005 9:06PM
Personally,I think that the future of portable gaming will be, ironically, something like the Phantom vaporconsole. Media has always been the most difficult thing for portable games, as it is expensive and easy to lose. Plus, the casual gamer will likely only buy one or two games for his or her portable system, as carrying around a bunch of pieces of plastic would be cumbersome. The hardcore gamer will buy a case for all of those cartridges.
However, with the advent of cheaper flash memory and small hard drives, as well as fast PC interfaces (USB 2.0, WiFi, Firewire), games of almost any size could be loaded onto a fixed piece of memory on the system. Media is not a big issue in the home, as most people have plenty of room to store games, but portably, they have limited space. A 100% digital system would make it so much more intuitive, and wireless internet could allow one to buy more games on the go.
college student @ Dec 18th 2005 9:06PM
I doubt MS will go in the handheld market, 3 is a crowd.
h @ Dec 18th 2005 9:06PM
The market is not asking for another handheld, although I don't see how they could do worse than Sony. I've owned a PSP since launch, and I'm totally disappointed in the selection of games.
One thing is for sure, at some point Nintendo will have serious competition.
Captain Bridger @ Dec 18th 2005 9:06PM
Microsoft already has a handheld. They've been working on it for years. 600+Mhz, graphics chip, VGA screen, touch screen, microphone, expansion, WiFi, Bluetooth, video, music, GPS add on, and the list goes on. It is called the POCKET PC. Maybe you have heard of it. There is a Age of Empire game for the Pocket PC that sure is better then the coming DS title. A little change in a Pocket PC and you have a handheld. Yes, I know that they only make the OS, but you get the picture.
Benz @ Dec 18th 2005 9:06PM
Its highly unlikely there will ever be an Xbox handheld and for many good reasons. Microsoft won't come out with another money loosing product line. Nintendo is simply too strong with the DS and GBA SP packing in a one-two punch! Since Game Boy's introduction in 1989, how many have come and failed since that time....Atari Lynx, Sega Game Gear, Neo Geo Pocket Color.....In present day times we've seen the death of the short-lived Tapwave Zodiac and the N-Gage has been on life support for quite sometime now! Even with the PSP, the game library isn't very interesting or appealing, and it seems there is more concentration on releasing movies instead of games. The closest we'll see Microsoft in the handheld business is with the Gizmondo, so if the Gizmondo lives long enough we'll see Age of Empires, Mech Assault and a few others.
Gilzones @ Dec 18th 2005 9:06PM
I think personally Microsoft already have plan to compete in handheld area with their own OS in mobile device system like PDA, it will give great advantages for them because there are a lot of PDA in the market, and also PDA now have multimedia function not just play games, but also office application, phone call, GPS, video, mp3, etc. Even PSP cant do what PDA do, maybe Microsoft will release new OS software in the future or update their Wndows mobile 5.0 to make PDA can handle future games in handheld area and make new standard for PDA. The other advantages is many companies will support PDA so there will be a lot of varieties product in the market so people wont stuck in one model. People will have choices to buy the PDA from high end model to low end model. Its good for people who has limited budget to buy PDA. Yes, people will be confused and worry if the standard of the PDA wont be the same for each company, but by set the minimum standard of the PDA, i am sure Microsoft will make everything fine. Thats it. The future of handheld games will be bright.
OTAM @ Dec 18th 2005 9:06PM
I honestly do not want Microsoft to make a handheld. I'd rather them focus 100% of their time,money,and effort into the 360 and other home consoles that will come after.
The Xbox is my favorite of the 3 consoles this generation,but I really don't think they should make a handheld system.
Moon Knight @ Dec 18th 2005 9:06PM
A hand held gaming machine, from MS none the less, HA, NEVER HAPPEN, they've got to start making a profit off the home console first.... but if they did make one,it would be cool if they made it some thing like the psp(that screen aint to shabby), the screen should be touch screen.A build in HDD for not only playing games but also movies and music with no spinning media (solid state all the way baby).Games,movies and music could be down loaded/puchased via xbox live or gained as a reward for beating a Xbox360 game.It would also an extra selling point if it could be used as a 360 controller and have built in camara and a must have build in mic.It would be cool if it came in at least 2 models:8GB and 20GB HDD models and later when the market asks for it a larger models
Moon Knight @ Dec 18th 2005 9:06PM
Ohh yeah the release date for this vaporeware fall 2007
MorKon @ Dec 18th 2005 9:06PM
Microsoft saw a huge market to gain profit for the xbox, and that was really unexpected, so why are you counting out a handheld market. Microsoft is rich and powerful. Adding another branch to the company could give them more money faster. They will release something when it is ready. they wont do what sony did and rush the psp with errors like the battery life, and lack of games. Also they will probably market it for two types of people, casual gamers and hardcore gamers. Like someone said earlier with the xbox arcade, that would be a cheap way to earn money. Then the hardcore gamer, they will take previous gen hardware and optimise it for low battery consumpion and try to make games like Halo and UT on it, and if they do it will be a sucess.